泌尿系统疾病常引发排尿异常、局部疼痛等症状，常规药物治疗存在一定局限性。电生理技术凭借微创、安全、可调控等优势，现已在临床多科室广泛应用。本文系统梳理电生理监测、电生理治疗、联合疗法及新型电生理技术在泌尿外科领域的应用现状与研究进展：电生理监测可用于术前功能评估、术中神经保护，有效降低手术并发症风险；脊髓电刺激、经皮神经电刺激等疗法，对膀胱过度活动症、尿失禁、慢性前列腺炎、男科疾病及术后康复均展现出良好疗效；电生理技术与西药、中药、中医针灸等联合应用，可进一步提升整体治疗效果；可视化精准电生理、新型电极材料、脑深部电刺激等新技术也不断得到探索与发展。目前该领域仍存在作用机制尚未完全阐明、治疗方案缺乏统一标准、定位精准度不足等问题。未来需围绕作用机制、刺激参数优化、电极材料研发、精准靶向治疗等方向开展深入研究，推动电生理技术在泌尿外科实现规范化、精准化临床应用。

Urological diseases commonly cause dysuria, local pain and other symptoms, and conventional drug treatment has certain limitations. With the advantages of minimal invasiveness, safety and adjustability, electrophysiological techniques have been widely used in various clinical departments. This article systematically reviews the application status and research progress of electrophysiological monitoring, electrophysiological therapy, combined therapies and novel electrophysiological technologies in urology. Electrophysiological monitoring can be applied to preoperative functional evaluation and intraoperative nerve protection, which effectively reduces the risk of surgical complications. Therapies including spinal cord stimulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation have achieved satisfactory effects on overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, chronic prostatitis, and male diseases, as well as postoperative rehabilitation. The combination of electrophysiological techniques with western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture can further improve the therapeutic efficacy. In addition, new technologies such as visualized precise electrophysiology, novel electrode materials and deep brain stimulation are under continuous exploration. At present, there are still some challenges in this field, including unclear action mechanisms, lack of unified treatment protocols and insufficient positioning accuracy. Further researches focusing on action mechanisms, optimization of stimulation parameters, development of electrode materials and targeted precise therapy are required in the future, so as to promote the standardized and precise clinical application of electrophysiological techniques in urology.