To investigate the risk factors of urinary tract infection of transurethral cystoscopic incision and drainage for duplex kidney, ureteral duplication accompanied ureter in children, and to explore the corresponding preventive measures.

A total of 37 children who underwent fenestration of ureterocele were admitted in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 2010 to 2020 with duplex kidney and ureter combined with ureterocele. The information, clinical manifestations, preoperative diagnosis, auxiliary examination and surgery, postoperative complications and follow-up time of which were enrolled in a retrospective analysis.

A total of 37 patients underwent transurethral cystoscopic incision and drainage, 12 cases (32.4%) received anti-infective treatment in outpatient or inpatient department (9 cases, 24.3%) or secondary surgical treatment (3 cases, 8.1%) due to postoperative recurrent infection. Postoperative urinary infection was not related to gender, age, cyst size, dilated ureter diameter, operation time (P>0.05). The presence of a history of urinary tract infection before surgery was a risk factor for urinary infection after fenestration (P<0.05).

Duplex kidney and ureter combined with ureterocele in children who underwent fenestration of ureterocele have chance to get postoperative infection, therefore, we should be careful to choose cases, to grasp the surgical indications strictly, at the same time pay attention to the choice of the ways of fenestration, strengthen the perioperative treatment of anti-infection treatment, and optimize the nursing plan to reduce infection.