To evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics of small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer.

The clinical data of one case with small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer were evaluated, and literature review was foused on the pathological diagnosis, clinical manifestation, imaging characteristics, treatment and prognosis for this rare disease.

The patient was male, 64 years old. In early 2014, biopsy was advised because of elevated PSA of 52.72 μg/L. The pathology for biopsy was prostate adenocarcinoma, Gleason score 3+4=7. Surgical castration was suggested. In May 2017, the patient was manifested with pelvic giant mess accompanied with intestinal obstruction, multiple bone metastasis, liver metastasis and lung metastasis. After tumor resection and colon fistula, postoperative pathology suggested small cell carcinoma. The patient was given chemotherapy with docetaxel and carboplatin after surgery and died of multiple organ failure after 2 cycles.

Prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation is the most common prostate neuroendocrine tumor, however, the subtype of prostate small cell carcinoma is rare. Early surgery combined with chemotherapy is the main treatment. Cancer is usually manifested with high malignancy, rapid progression and poor prognosis.