Bladder cancer (BC) is a major global public health concern and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. This study aimed to analyze global, regional, and national epidemiological trends of BC from 1990 to 2021 and to predict future trends through 2050.

Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study were used to evaluate BC incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between 1990 and 2021. Predictions through 2050 were conducted using statistical modeling, key risk factors and the burden of BC across regions with varying social-demographic index (SDI) levels were analyzed.

In 2021, there were 540 309.73 (95%UI: 494 720.89-582 579.44) new BC cases and 221 888.32 (95%UI: 200 567.17-242 326.46) deaths globally, resulting in 4 397 066.63 (95%UI: 4 063 656.74-4 813 655.42) DALYs. The highest incidence was observed in the Lebanese Republic, while Mali reported the highest mortality rate. Most cases and deaths occurred in high and high-middle SDI regions. Although the absolute numbers of incidence and deaths have increased over the past three decades, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), mortality rate (ASMR), and DALYs rate (ASDR) have generally declined. Future predictions indicate continued global declines in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR through 2050. Smoking and elevated fasting plasma glucose were identified as the primary risk factors.

The burden of bladder cancer varies significantly across regions and countries, highlighting the need for tailored prevention strategies. Reducing smoking and managing blood glucose levels help to lower BC incidence and mortality.