Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the male urogenital system, and the prolonged overall survival in recent years indicates that prostate cancer has entered the stage of chronic disease management. In the long-term treatment management process, real-time dynamic monitoring of prostate cancer progression and timely adjustment of treatment strategies based on diagnosis are of great significance for further prolonging the overall survival of patients. Liquid biopsy, as a non-invasive detection method, analyzes biomarkers such as nucleic acids and proteins in patients by collecting their blood, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, pleural fluid, ascites, urine, and other fluids, providing information for clinical decision-making. As an emerging tool for disease diagnosis and monitoring, liquid biopsy has demonstrated its advantages in minimally invasive, reproducible, dynamic monitoring, and easy operation in the fields of tumor diagnosis, progression detection, and prognostic assessment over the past decade. This article discusses the latest research progress of liquid biopsy in monitoring the progression of prostate cancer.